5 Steps to Build Safe and Long-Lasting Outdoor Stairs ~ future.housing.org.uk

Building stairs outside can be a daunting task, but it is definitely possible to do it yourself with a little planning and preparation. The first step is to determine the location of your stairs and the size of the space you have to work with. Once you have determined the location and size of your stairs, you can begin to gather the materials you will need.

The next step is to prepare the ground for your stairs. This involves leveling the ground and removing any obstacles that may get in the way. Once the ground is prepared, you can begin to build the frame of your stairs. The frame is the foundation of your stairs and it is important to make sure that it is sturdy and level. Once the frame is built, you can begin to install the steps. The steps can be made of a variety of materials, such as wood, concrete, or metal.

Once the steps are installed, you can begin to finish your stairs. This may involve adding a railing, painting or staining the steps, or adding other decorative elements. Once your stairs are finished, you can enjoy the convenience and beauty of your new outdoor stairs.

Site Preparation and Layout

Step 1: Assess the Site

Before you begin building your stairs, it’s crucial to thoroughly assess the site and its surrounding environment. This includes:

Slope and Grading: Determine the slope of the area where the stairs will be built. If it’s steep, you may need to create a series of switchbacks or landings to reduce the grade and make the stairs safer.
Soil conditions: Test the soil at the site to ensure it’s stable and can support the weight of the stairs. If the soil is loose or poorly drained, it may require compaction or drainage improvements before construction.
Obstacles and Utilities: Identify any obstacles in the path of your planned stairs, such as trees, rocks, or underground utilities. Consult with local authorities to locate and avoid potential conflicts.
Drainage: Plan for proper drainage to prevent water from pooling around the stairs, which could cause erosion or damage. Consider installing a French drain or underground pipe to divert water away from the area.
Access and Safety: Ensure that the stairs will be accessible from both the top and bottom. Provide adequate lighting and handrails for safety, especially if the stairs will be used at night.

Step 2: Mark and Layout the Stairs

Once you have assessed the site and planned your stairs, it’s time to mark and layout the location of the steps.

Determine the Rise and Run: Establish the height (rise) of each step and the horizontal distance (run) between them. The optimal rise for outdoor stairs is typically between 6 and 8 inches, while the run should be between 10 and 12 inches.
Mark the Step Locations: Using stakes and string, mark the location of each step on the ground. Ensure that the string is parallel to the slope of the land, and that the steps are evenly spaced.
Establish Stringers: Stringers are the supports that run along the sides of the steps. Mark the location of the stringers parallel to the step markings.

Step 3: Digging and Installing the Stringers

Excavate Trenches: Dig narrow trenches for the stringers, ensuring that they are deep enough to accommodate the depth of the steps and the height of the stringers.
Install the Stringers: Place the stringers in the trenches and secure them using stakes or concrete footings. Ensure that the stringers are level and parallel to each other.
Backfill Around the Stringers: Compact dirt or gravel around the stringers to provide support and stability.

Footing and Base Construction

Step 1: Excavation and Formwork

Excavate the area for the footing and base to the desired depth and width. Install formwork around the perimeter of the excavation to create the shape and dimensions of the footing and base.

Step 2: Footing Construction

Pour a layer of concrete into the formwork, ensuring it is level and fills the entire space. Allow the concrete to cure according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Step 3: Base Construction

Once the footing has cured, remove the formwork and prepare the surface by leveling it. Lay a layer of crushed stone or gravel over the footing to provide drainage and serve as the base for the stairs.

Base Construction Details

The type of base material used will depend on the soil conditions and expected load on the stairs. Here are the different options and their considerations:

Base Material	Considerations
Crushed Stone	Compact and durable Provides excellent drainage May be more expensive
Gravel	Less compact than crushed stone May not provide as good drainage More affordable
Soil Cement	Mixture of soil and cement Creates a strong and stable base May require special equipment for compaction

Tread and Riser Attachment

Treads and risers are the horizontal and vertical components of a stair, respectively. They are typically made of wood, metal, or concrete, and must be securely attached to each other to ensure the stability and safety of the stair.

There are a variety of methods for attaching treads and risers, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the most common methods include:

Toe-nailing: This method involves driving nails through the tread into the riser. It is a simple and inexpensive method, but it can be less strong than other methods.
Screwing: This method involves using screws to attach the tread to the riser. It is stronger than toe-nailing, but it can be more difficult to do and may require special tools.
Bolting: This method involves using bolts to attach the tread to the riser. It is the strongest method, but it is also the most expensive and time-consuming.
Adhesives: This method involves using adhesives to attach the tread to the riser. It is a relatively new method, but it is becoming increasingly popular due to its ease of use and strength. This method is rarely used outside due to environmental factors

The best method for attaching treads and risers will depend on the specific application. For example, if the stair is going to be subjected to heavy use, then it is important to use a strong method such as bolting. If the stair is only going to be used occasionally, then a less strong method such as toe-nailing may be sufficient.

Finishing Touches: Painting or Staining

Once the stairs are built and secured, it’s time to add the finishing touches. Painting or staining the stairs not only enhances their appearance but also protects them from weather damage and wear and tear.

Painting

When painting stairs, it’s important to choose a high-quality exterior paint that is resistant to fading and moisture. Apply a primer to properly seal the wood and ensure better paint adhesion. Use a brush or roller to apply the paint in thin, even coats. Allow each coat to dry completely before applying the next.

Staining

To stain the stairs, select an exterior wood stain that complements your home’s aesthetic. Apply the stain liberally using a brush or a sponge, working in the direction of the wood grain. Allow the stain to penetrate for the recommended time, then wipe off any excess with a clean rag. Apply multiple coats of stain to achieve the desired color and level of protection.

Options for Painting and Staining

Here’s a table summarizing the options available for painting or staining outdoor stairs:

Option	Description
Paint	Available in various colors, easy to apply, provides a solid, opaque finish.
Stain	Soaks into the wood, preserving its grain pattern, enhances the natural beauty of wood.
Solid Color Stain	Hides the wood grain, offers a more opaque finish than traditional stain.
Semi-Transparent Stain	Allows the wood grain to show through, providing a more subtle finish.

Safety Considerations

1. Permits and Building Codes

Every outdoor staircase project should begin by ensuring compliance with local building codes and zoning laws. Contact your building department to determine permit requirements.

2. Site Selection

Choose a well-drained, level site with good soil conditions. Avoid areas prone to flooding or water accumulation.

3. Proper Drainage

Water should not pool around your stairs. Ensure proper drainage by creating a slope away from the steps or installing drain tiles.

4. Adequate Lighting

Outdoor stairs should be well-lit for visibility. Install exterior lighting around the steps and handrails.

5. Preventing Slips and Falls

Choose non-slip materials for treads and handrails to minimize the risk of falls. Keep stairs clear of debris, ice, and snow.

6. Handrails

Install sturdy handrails on both sides of the stairs for stability and guidance, especially if the stairs are more than two steps high.

7. Guardrails (for Stairs with More Than Three Steps)

Guardrails are required for stairs with more than three steps to prevent falls to the side. They should be at least 36 inches high and have a maximum gap of 4 inches between balusters. The following table summarizes the guardrail requirements:

Stair Height	Guardrail Height	Maximum Baluster Gap
Less than 12 feet	36 inches	4 inches
12 to 24 feet	42 inches	4 inches
More than 24 feet	48 inches	4 inches

Building Codes and Permits

Before starting any outdoor stair construction, it’s crucial to check your local building codes and regulations. Different jurisdictions may have specific requirements regarding stair dimensions, materials, and safety features. To ensure compliance and avoid potential legal issues, it’s best to consult with the local building department and obtain the necessary permits.

8. Handrails and Balusters

Handrails are essential safety features, particularly for outdoor stairs. They provide support and stability for users navigating the stairs, especially during inclement weather. The International Building Code (IBC) specifies the following requirements for handrails:

Height: 34 to 38 inches above the stair nosing
Diameter: 1.5 to 2 inches
Spacing: No more than 6 inches between balusters

	IBC Requirements for Handrails on Outdoor Stairs
Height above stair nosing	34 – 38 inches
Diameter	1.5 – 2 inches
Spacing between balusters	No more than 6 inches
Material	Durable and weather-resistant
Shape	Ergonomic and comfortable to grip

Balusters, also known as stair spindles, are vertical members that support the top rail of the handrail. They serve both a functional and decorative purpose. The IBC does not specify specific requirements for balusters, but it does require that they be durable and securely attached to the handrail and the stairs.

DIY vs. Hiring a Professional

Cost

Building stairs yourself can save you money on labor costs. However, you need to factor in the cost of materials and tools. Hiring a professional may cost more upfront, but it can save you time and hassle.

Time

Building stairs yourself can take a considerable amount of time. You need to plan the project, gather materials, and do the construction. Hiring a professional can save you time, as they have the experience and expertise to complete the project quickly and efficiently.

Complexity

The complexity of the project will also affect your decision. If you’re building simple stairs, you may be able to do it yourself. However, if you’re building complex stairs with multiple landings or turns, it’s best to hire a professional.

Experience and Expertise

If you don’t have experience building stairs, it’s best to hire a professional. They have the knowledge and skills to build stairs that are safe and code-compliant.

Warranties and Guarantees

Many professional stair builders offer warranties or guarantees on their work. This can give you peace of mind knowing that your stairs will be built correctly and last for years to come.

Timeframe

Hiring a professional may allow you to complete the project sooner than if you were to do it yourself. Depending on the availability of the professional and the complexity of the project, they may be able to schedule and complete the work within a specific timeframe.

Safety

Building stairs can be dangerous, especially if you don’t have experience. A professional stair builder will have the proper safety equipment and training to complete the project safely.

Code Compliance

Stairs must be built to code to ensure they are safe. A professional stair builder will be familiar with the building codes in your area and will ensure that the stairs are built correctly.

Permits

Depending on your location, you may need to obtain a permit to build stairs. A professional stair builder can help you with this process.

Insurance

Professional stair builders are typically insured. This means that if there is an accident during the construction process, you will not be liable for the damages.

How to Build Stairs Outside

Building stairs outside can be a challenging but rewarding project. By following these steps, you can create a safe and durable set of stairs that will last for years to come.

1. Plan Your Stairs

The first step is to plan your stairs. This includes determining the following:

The location of your stairs
The height of the stairs
The number of steps
The width of the steps
The type of materials you will use

2. Gather Your Materials

Once you have planned your stairs, you need to gather the necessary materials. These materials include:

Lumber for the treads and risers
Stringers for the sides of the stairs
Nails or screws
Concrete or gravel for the base
A level
A tape measure
A saw
A drill

3. Build the Base

The first step in building your stairs is to build the base. This can be done by pouring a concrete pad or by laying down a layer of gravel. The base should be level and wide enough to support the stairs.

4. Install the Stringers

The next step is to install the stringers. The stringers are the sides of the stairs and they support the treads and risers. The stringers should be spaced evenly apart and they should be level.

5. Install the Treads and Risers

The next step is to install the treads and risers. The treads are the horizontal part of the stairs and the risers are the vertical part. The treads and risers should be nailed or screwed into the stringers.

6. Finish the Stairs

The final step is to finish the stairs. This can be done by staining or painting the stairs, or by adding a railing. You can also add landscaping around the stairs to make them more attractive.